33 research outputs found

    Gender Matters : Materialcultural theory of sexgender in mortuary archaeology

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    The sex/gender model used in biological archaeologies to investigate human remains and past lives is one that relies on the epistemological and ontological separation of sex and gender. Despite this separation the model ends up treating these concepts synonymously due to the taken-for-granted binary nature of sex which in a deterministic manner eventuates into an equally binary gender. This thesis develops a theoretical framework for an archaeological concept of gender that operates without the division, binarism and determinism implicit in the sex/gender model. Pursuing answers to the questions whether it is possible to approach both sex and gender in archaeology in a nonbinary way, and if so, what is an archaeologically feasible alternative, it seeks to devise a method to approach sex and gender in mortuary archaeology beyond the deterministic binary. This thesis is firmly theory-oriented and the writings of various authors within the discipline of archaeology, feminism and queer studies comprise the necessary material. The theories pertaining to the field of feminism are intersectionality and queer theory, which eschew normativity and essentialism and call for gender diversity. Respective to archaeology, the theories influencing this thesis derive from new materialisms to whom the rejection of divisions and dichotomies is characteristic. In this regard, of particular note are the writings of new materialist and feminist theorist Karen Barad. Applying her theories concerning the relational, entangled and mutually constitutive nature of matter and meaning to the topic of sex and gender is central in devising a nonbinary new materialist perspective to be used for the purpose of a more open and inclusive mortuary archaeology. This thesis reveals that the dualistic division between nature and culture has resulted in a separate conceptual development and different strategies of engagement concerning sex and gender. The reason why sex is seen as a biological fact and gender as a cultural meaning proves false when both are affected equally by nature and culture, with the body serving as a nexus-point in which these two forces converge. Applying Barad’s insight reveals that binary sex is not an inherent quality of the body, but one that is produced through a scientific biomedical apparatus. Sex and gender exist in a state of inseparability when undetermined, but when subjected to a determination process, they become mutually exclusive phenomena, thereby disrupting sex-to-gender determinism. In their separate state, both are constitutive of matter and meaning, which is why gender made determined through intersectionality can be used to study gendered understandings through the materiality of the body, exempt from binary views. Analysing a topical bioarchaeological publication concerning a female Viking warrior through the approach that does not depend on the sex binary reveals that a scientific biomedical apparatus is subject to criticism on multiple fronts. Though the case study should be credited with rejecting gender role stereotypes, it demonstrates determinism and binarism as well as homogeneity and universalism in terms of categories. Failing to imagine possibilities beyond a fixed binary also results in the exclusion of alternate ways of knowing and being. The open-ended approach proposed in this thesis not only seeks to grant these possibilities opportunities to exist, but counsels cognisance towards the exclusions apparatuses enact. Embracing speculation, it also holds ambiguity and vagueness to be meaningful qualities pertaining to gendered archaeology. Regarding the mortuary setting, binary sex determinations need not be abandoned, but they should be used alongside this nonbinary approach

    Kauneutta e.a.a. : kauneudenhoito ja kosmetiikka muinaisessa EgyptissÀ

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    TĂ€mĂ€n opinnĂ€ytetyön tarkoitus oli tutkia perusteellisesti muinaisegyptilĂ€istĂ€ kauneudenhoitoa ja kosmetiikkaa. Työn tutkimuskohteita olivat kauneudenhoitomenetelmĂ€t, kosmetiikkatuotteet, raaka-aineet, valmistusmenetelmĂ€t, kosmetiikkapakkaukset sekĂ€ kauneudenhoidon apuvĂ€lineet. Aihevalintaan vaikutti osaltaan nykyajan luonnollisuustrendi, jonka valossa muinaista luonnollista kosmetiikkaa sekĂ€ raaka-aineiden alkuperĂ€isiĂ€ kĂ€yttötarkoituksia oli ajankohtaista tutkia. Suomen kielelle kÀÀnnetyn materiaalin puute loi lisĂ€ksi tarpeen kattavan suomenkielisen tietopaketin kokoamiselle. TyössĂ€ hyödynnetty tutkimusmenetelmĂ€ oli kirjallisuustutkimus, joka suoritettiin kokoamalla ja analysoimalla aineistoa lukuisista eri alojen lĂ€hteistĂ€. Työn tutkimusosioiden kautta selvisi, ettĂ€ kosmetiikkaa kĂ€ytettiin muinaisessa EgyptissĂ€ paljon ja laajalti. KĂ€ytössĂ€ oli monia erilaisia valmisteita, joissa hyödynnettiin monipuolisesti lukuisia raaka-aineita. Kosmetiikkaa valmistettiin yksinkertaisin, mutta taidokkain menetelmin sekĂ€ sĂ€ilöttiin kauniisiin ja laadukkaisiin vaihtelevista materiaaleista valmistettuihin pakkauksiin. PĂ€ivittĂ€istĂ€ kauneudenhoitoa avittamaan kehiteltiin myös lukemattomia erilaisia apuvĂ€lineitĂ€. Löydösten perusteella voi pÀÀtellĂ€, ettĂ€ kosmetiikka oli aivan yhtĂ€ tĂ€rkeÀÀ, ellei jopa tĂ€rkeĂ€mpÀÀ, muinaisessa EgyptissĂ€ kuin nykyaikana. LisĂ€ksi on selvÀÀ, ettĂ€ egyptilĂ€iset vĂ€littivĂ€t kovasti ulkonÀöstÀÀn, jota he yllĂ€pitivĂ€t ja paransivat monin eri edistynein ja kekseliĂ€in menetelmin.Beauty BCE – Beauty care and cosmetics in the ancient Egypt The purpose of this thesis was to study ancient Egyptian beauty care and cosmetics thoroughly. The study focused on the different means of beauty care, cosmetic products and ingredients, the methods of production, cosmetic packages, as well as beauty aids and accessories. The theme for the thesis was influenced by the growing trends in the field of natural cosmetics, and in light of these trends, it is topical to examine ancient natural cosmetics, as well as the original application of the ingredients. Furthermore, the lack of translated material created a need for the compilation of a comprehensive study in Finnish. The research method applied was a literary research that was conducted by gathering and analysing material from numerous sources specialising in different fields. The study revealed that cosmetics were extensively used in the ancient Egypt and many different products were diverse in ingredients. The methods of production were quite simple, yet advanced, and the finished products were stored in quality packages that were beautifully made from varying materials. In addition, countless different accessories were developed to aid the daily beauty practices. The findings show that the ancient Egyptians valued cosmetics just as much, or even more so that their modern counterparts. Moreover, it is apparent that the Egyptians cared immensely about their appearance and went to great lengths to keep and improve it by the ways of sophistication and resourcefulness

    Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids: Genistein, Kaempferol, Quercetin, and Daidzein Inhibit STAT-1 and NF-ÎșB Activations, Whereas Flavone, Isorhamnetin, Naringenin, and Pelargonidin Inhibit only NF-ÎșB Activation along with Their Inhibitory Effect on iNOS Expression and NO Production in Activated Macrophages

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    In inflammation, bacterial products and proinflammatory cytokines induce the formation of large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and compounds that inhibit NO production have anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we systematically investigated the effects of 36 naturally occurring flavonoids and related compounds on NO production in macrophages exposed to an inflammatory stimulus (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), and evaluated the mechanisms of action of the effective compounds. Flavone, the isoflavones daidzein and genistein, the flavonols isorhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin, the flavanone naringenin, and the anthocyanin pelargonidin inhibited iNOS protein and mRNA expression and also NO production in a dose-dependent manner. All eight active compounds inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-ÎșB (NF-ÎșB), which is a significant transcription factor for iNOS. Genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein also inhibited the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1), another important transcription factor for iNOS. The present study characterises the effects and mechanisms of naturally occurring phenolic compounds on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages. The results partially explain the pharmacological efficacy of flavonoids as anti-inflammatory compounds

    Dexamethasone Attenuates the Expression of MMP‐13 in Chondrocytes through MKP‐1

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    Mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase‐1 (MKP‐1) is upregulated in inflammation and reduces the activity of proinflammatory mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) by dephosphorylation. MAP kinases are intracellular signaling pathways that mediate the cellular effects of proinflammatory cytokines. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone on the expression of catabolic enzymes in chondrocytes and tested the hypothesis that these effects are mediated through MKP‐1. Dexamethasone was found to significantly attenuate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐13 in human OA chondrocytes as well as in chondrocytes from MKP‐1 WT mice, but not in chondrocytes from MKP‐ 1 KO mice. Dexamethasone also increased the expression of MKP‐1 in murine and human OA chondrocytes. Furthermore, p38 MAP kinase inhibitors significantly attenuated MMP‐13 expression in human OA chondrocytes, while JNK MAP kinase inhibitors had no effect. The results indicate that the effect of dexamethasone on MMP‐13 expression in chondrocytes was mediated by an MKP‐ 1 and p38 MAP kinase‐dependent manner. These findings, together with previous results, support the concept of MKP‐1 as a protective factor in articular chondrocytes in inflammatory conditions and as a potential drug target to treat OA.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

    Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is functionally expressed in primary human osteoarthritic chondrocytes

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    Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a membrane-associated cation channel, widely expressed in neuronal cells and involved in nociception and neurogenic inflammation. We showed recently that TRPA1 mediates cartilage degradation and joint pain in the MIA-model of osteoarthritis (OA) suggesting a hitherto unknown role for TRPA1 in OA. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether TRPA1 is expressed and functional in human OA chondrocytes. METHODS: Expression of TRPA1 in primary human OA chondrocytes was assessed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The functionality of the TRPA1 channel was assessed by Ca(2+)-influx measurements. Production of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, IL-6, and PGE2 subsequent to TRPA1 activation was measured by immunoassay. RESULTS: We show here for the first time that TRPA1 is expressed in primary human OA chondrocytes and its expression is increased following stimulation with inflammatory factors IL-1ÎČ, IL-17, LPS, and resistin. Further, the TRPA1 channel was found to be functional, as stimulation with the TRPA1 agonist AITC caused an increase in Ca(2+) influx, which was attenuated by the TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031. Genetic depletion and pharmacological inhibition of TRPA1 downregulated the production of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, IL-6, and PGE2 in osteoarthritic chondrocytes and murine cartilage, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The TRPA1 cation channel was found to be functionally expressed in primary human OA chondrocytes, which is an original finding. The presence and inflammatory and catabolic effects of TRPA1 in human OA chondrocytes propose a highly intriguing role for TRPA1 as a pathogenic factor and drug target in OA.BioMed Central open access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated

    KAINUULAISTEN 20 - 40 -VUOTIAIDEN NAISTEN YLIPAINON YHTEYS RAVITSEMUS- JA LIIKUNTATOTTUMUKSIIN

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    OpinnĂ€ytetyömme tarkoituksena oli kuvailla kainuulaisten 20–40 –vuotiaiden naisten ylipainon ilmenemistĂ€ ja sen yhteyttĂ€ liikunta- ja ravitsemustottumuksiin. OpinnĂ€ytetyön tavoitteena oli tuottaa tietoa, joka auttaa kainuu-laisia kuntapÀÀttĂ€jiĂ€ ja terveydenhuollon ammattilaisia suunnittelemaan ja toteuttamaan ylipainoon liittyviĂ€ ter-veyden edistĂ€misen toimia. Työn on tilannut Kainuun maakunta-kuntayhtymĂ€. OpinnĂ€ytetyömme tutkimusongelmat olivat: Millaista ylipaino on kainuulaisilla 20–40 –vuotiailla naisilla? Millai-nen yhteys kainuulaisten 20–40 –vuotiaiden naisten ylipainolla on ravitsemus- ja liikuntatottumuksiin? OpinnĂ€ytetyömme oli luonteeltaan mÀÀrĂ€llinen. KĂ€ytimme opinnĂ€ytetyömme aineistona valmista Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen tuottamaa aineistoa Alueellisesta terveys- ja hyvinvointitutkimuksesta (ATH). ATH-tutkimuksen aineisto on kerĂ€tty kyselylomakkeella ja opinnĂ€ytetyöhömme otimme mukaan ravitsemukseen ja liikuntatottumuksiin liittyvĂ€t kysymykset. Otoksenamme oli 357 kainuulaista 20–40 –vuotiasta naista, joiden painoindeksi vaihteli 16,37 ja 46,31 kg/mÂČ, keskimÀÀrĂ€inen painoindeksi oli 25,08 kg/mÂČ. Aineiston analysointiin kĂ€ytimme SPSS-ohjelmaa ja etsimme ylipainon ja ravitsemus- ja liikuntatottumusten vĂ€liltĂ€ yhteyksiĂ€ ristiintaulukoinnin ja teorian avulla. Kainuulaisten 20-40 –vuotiaiden naisten ruokailutottumukset ovat keskimÀÀrin suositusten mukaisia. Tuoreiden ja kypsennettyjen kasvisten syönti oli suosituksiin nĂ€hden vĂ€hĂ€istĂ€, eritoten huomattavan ylipainoisilla. Useimmat kĂ€yttivĂ€t sokerisia tuotteita maltillisesti, mutta huomattavan moni kĂ€ytti niitĂ€ useina pĂ€ivinĂ€ viikossa. Melko harva ruokaili työ- tai opiskelupaikkaruokalassa, vaikka sellaiseen olisi ollut mahdollisuus. Tutkimukseen osallistuneista suurin osa harrasti liikuntaa suositusten mukaisesti. KestĂ€vyyskunto oli yleisesti ottaen melko huono, paras kestĂ€vyyskunto oli normaalipainoisilla. Tutkimukseen osallistuneet istuivat vapaa-ajallaan melko paljon, yksittĂ€isissĂ€ aktiviteeteissa mÀÀrĂ€t eivĂ€t olleet huomattavia, mutta yhteenlaskettuna istumiseen kĂ€ytetty aika oli suuri. OpinnĂ€ytetyömme tuloksia voivat hyödyntÀÀ kaikki terveydenhuollon ammattilaiset omassa työssÀÀn esimerkiksi ravitsemus- ja liikuntaneuvonnan yhteydessĂ€ ja kuntapÀÀttĂ€jĂ€t esimerkiksi jĂ€rjestĂ€essÀÀn harrastusmahdollisuuksia. Jatkotutkimusaiheina voisi olla muun muassa vertailu muuhun Suomeen tai pitkittĂ€istutkimus ravitsemus- ja liikuntatottumusten kehittymisestĂ€.The purpose of this thesis was to describe overweight among 20-40-year-old women in Kainuu and the relationship between overweight and nutrition and physical activity. The aim of this thesis was to produce information that would help municipal councils in the Kainuu region and health care professionals to plan and implement overweight-related health promotion measures. The research problems of this thesis were: 1. how overweight are the 20-40-year-old women in Kainuu? and 2. what kind of relationship does overweight have with nutrition and physical activity? This thesis was quantitative by nature. Already existing data from the Regional Health and Welfare Research (ATH) collected by National Institute of Health and Welfare was used as material. The ATH research data was collected by using a questionnaire, and nutrition and physical activity related data was used for this thesis. The sample of this thesis was 357 20-40-year-old women from Kainuu. Their Body Mass Index (BMI) varied be-tween 16.37 and 46.31 kg/mÂČ. The average BMI was 25.08 kg/ mÂČ. The SPSS program was used to analyze the data. The results showed that 20-40-year-old women in Kainuu ate mainly according to the Finnish nutrition recommendations, although the consumption of fresh and cooked vegetables was scarce, especially among the significantly overweight. Sugary products were mostly used in moderation but considerably many used them on several days a week. Even with the possibility to eat lunch in a work or student cafeteria, few used the possibility. The most did physical exercises according to the recommendations. Endurance was quite poor by average. The women sat quite a lot in their leisure time. The results of this thesis can be used by all health care professionals in their field and municipal councils when planning leisure time activities. Following research topics could be, for example, comparison between Kainuu and Finland or longitudinal research on the development of nutrition and physical activity habits

    "Nyt se itkee, sillÀ on tommonen surullinen tunne" : pÀivÀkodissa toteutettu viisivuotiaiden lasten tunnekasvatusprojekti tunnetaitojen harjoitteluun ja sosiaalisten taitojen kehittÀmiseksi

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    Kokemustemme mukaan pĂ€ivĂ€kodissa ei jÀÀ tarpeeksi aikaa lapsen tunteiden kohtaamiselle ja kĂ€sittelylle yhdessĂ€ lapsen kanssa. OpinnĂ€ytetyömme tarkoituksena on tukea varhaiskasvattajia hyödyntĂ€mÀÀn tunnekasvatusta pĂ€ivĂ€kodin arjessa. Halusimme lisĂ€tĂ€ varhaiskasvattajien tietoisuutta tunnekasvatuksesta ja tuoda esiin erilaisia menetelmiĂ€, miten toteuttaa tunnekasvatusta kĂ€ytĂ€nnössĂ€. LĂ€htökohtana oli luoda lapsiryhmĂ€ssĂ€ toteutettava toistettavissa oleva tunnekasvatuskokonaisuus, joka sopisi hyvin pĂ€ivĂ€kodin arkeen ja henkilökunnan resursseihin. Tuokioiden aikana harjoittelimme lasten kanssa sosiaalisia taitoja, kuten toisten huomioimista ja ryhmĂ€ssĂ€ toimimista. HelsinkilĂ€isen pĂ€ivĂ€kodin henkilökunta koki tunnekasvatus- ja sosiaalisten taitojen kehittĂ€misprojektin tarpeelliseksi ja ajankohtaiseksi sekĂ€ hyvin kohderyhmĂ€lle sopivaksi. Toteutimme opinnĂ€ytetyömme toiminnallisen osuuden helsinkilĂ€isessĂ€ pĂ€ivĂ€kodissa. Ohjasimme seitsemĂ€lle viisivuotiaalle lapselle 12 tuokion kokonaisuuden eri tunnekasvatuksen menetelmiĂ€ hyödyntĂ€en. Tuokiot koostuivat eri tunnetaitojen harjoittelusta musiikin ja leikkien avulla. Tuokioiden toteutuksessa ja sisĂ€llön suunnittelussa huomioimme teoriatiedon tunnekasvatuksesta, lapsilĂ€htöisyyden ja lapsiryhmĂ€n erityistarpeet. Jokaiselle tuokiolle oli mÀÀritelty oma teema, joka muodostui lasten henkilökohtaisista ja ajankohtaisista kehitysalueista tunnetaitojen saralla. Tarkoituksena oli toteuttaa lapsiryhmĂ€lle mahdollisimman hyödyllinen kokonaisuus, joka olisi helposti sovellettavissa myös muiden lasten ja ikĂ€ryhmien kanssa. Toiminta toteutettiin aina samassa tilassa samojen lasten kanssa. Tuokioille olimme mÀÀritelleet tietyn rungon, jonka mukaan toimimme. KerĂ€simme materiaalia opinnĂ€ytetyöhömme lasten vĂ€littömĂ€stĂ€ palautteesta, keskusteluista, leikeistĂ€ ja harjoituksista. Toimintatuokioiden vaikutus oli nĂ€htĂ€vissĂ€ lapsissa jo muutaman tuokion jĂ€lkeen. Lapset oppivat nimeĂ€mÀÀn ja tunnistamaan tunteita ja tunnetiloja niin itsessĂ€ kuin toisissaan. PĂ€ivĂ€kodin henkilökunnan mukaan lapset myös hyödynsivĂ€t oppimaansa pĂ€ivĂ€kodin ja kodin arjessa. Lapset kiinnittivĂ€t tarkkaavaisesti huomiota muiden ilmeisiin ja yrittivĂ€t arvata toisten tunnetiloja. Lapset toimivat tuokioiden aikana toisia huomioiden ja kunnioittaen. Toimintatuokioita seurannut lastentarhanopettaja koki aiheen merkitykselliseksi ja kertoi hyötyvĂ€nsĂ€ toiminnasta työssÀÀn. OpinnĂ€ytetyömme teoriatiedosta ja kĂ€ytĂ€nnön tuokioiden kuvauksesta koostuvaa raporttia voidaan hyödyntÀÀ sellaisenaan tai sovellettuna tunnekasvatuksen toteutukseen eri ikĂ€isille lapsiryhmille.According to our experiences there is not enough time in kindergartens to meet and deal with the emotions of the child together with the adult. The aim of our study was to support early childhood educators to make use of emotional education in everyday life in kindergartens. We wanted to increase the educators’ knowledge of emotional education and introduce different methods with which to apply emotional education into practice. Our aim was to create a package of emotional education sessions to a group of children with the help of which the educators could work according to their resources. We practised different social skills with the children during the sessions, like consideration of others and behavior in a group. The personnel of the kindergarten felt our project contributing to emotional education and social skills was necessary in today’s kindergartens. We carried out the practical part of the project in a kindergarten in Helsinki. We had a group of seven 5-year-olds and we gave them 12 activity sessions concentrating on different methods of emotional education. We practised by showing different emotions through music and play. We took into account the theoretical basis of emotional education, children-centred education and the special needs of the particular group when planning the activities. Each session had its own theme which was based on the personal emotional development areas of the children involved. It was our meaning to create a functional package as useful as possible for the group involved, a package that would be easy to adapt to groups of children at different ages. The activity always took place in the same environment with the same children. We had constructed a particular framework for the sessions according to which we acted. We collected material for our study from the instant feedback from the children, discussions, games and activity. The effect of the emotional education on the children could be seen as soon as after a few times of them attending the activity sessions. The children learned to name and recognize feelings and emotions in themselves and in others. According to the personnel children also made use of what they had learned in their everyday activities in the kindergarten and at home. During the sessions children paid attention to each other and looked up to others as well. A kindergarten teacher who observed the activities thought the project was very meaningful and stated that she could benefit from it in her educational work. The report of our final project consists of a theoretical and practical part. The project report on emotional education to children at different ages can be used in its present form or by adapting it

    Sijoittamisen aloittaminen opiskeluaikana

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    TÀmÀ opinnÀytetyö tutkii Finanssi- ja talousasiantuntijan koulutusohjelman opiskelijoiden sijoittamisen aloittamista opintojen aikana. Työn tavoitteena on antaa kehitysehdotuksia sijoittamisen kurssien sisÀllöille, sekÀ opiskelijan opetussuunnitelmaan, jotta opiskelijan sijoituspolku olisi mahdollisimman hyvÀ. Yleisesti voidaan todeta, ettÀ mitÀ aiemmin sijoittamisen aloittaa, sitÀ parempi. Sijoittaminen on sÀÀstÀmisen muoto, jossa sijoitetulta pÀÀomalta odotetaan tuottoa tietyn ajan puitteissa. MitÀ pidempÀÀn sÀÀstÀÀ, sitÀ suuremman korvauksen olettaa saavansa, ja mitÀ suuremman riskin ottaa, sitÀ suuremman tuoton olettaa saavansa. YleisimmÀt sijoitusinstrumentit ovat osakkeet, rahastot, reaaliomaisuus, sekÀ vakuutussopimukset. Sijoittamisessa tuotto ja riski kulkevat kÀsi kÀdessÀ. Korkeampi tuotto-odotus vaatii myös korkeamman riskinsietokyvyn. Riski kohdistuu joko tuottoon tai pÀÀomaan. YleisimpiÀ riskejÀ, joita sijoittaja kohtaa ovat muun muassa osakeriski, likviditeettiriski, markkinariski, sekÀ valuuttakurssiriski. Korkeampaa tuottoa odotettaessa, tulee miettiÀ sijoitusaikaa, eli sitÀ, milloin raha halutaan muuhun kÀyttöön kuin sijoittamiseen. Pidempi sijoitusaika takaa korkeammat tuotot. Työn empiirinen osa toteutettiin kyselytutkimuksena. Kyselyn tavoitteena oli saada kohderyhmÀn yleinen mielipide Haaga-Helian sijoittamisen kursseista, ja siitÀ, onko opetussuunnitelma hyödyllinen opiskelijan sijoituspolkuun nÀhden. KohderyhmÀstÀ noin neljÀsosa vastasi kyselyyn. Kyselyn tulokset osoittivat, ettÀ sijoittamisen kurssit koettiin hyödyllisinÀ, mutta kÀytÀnnön tasolla sijoittamisen aloittamista olisi voinut kÀsitellÀ enemmÀn. Moni vastaajista oli sitÀ mieltÀ, ettÀ kurssit olivat pintapuolisia ja tietoa ja taitoja joutui itse opettelemaan kurssin jÀlkeen. Eli esimerkiksi arvo-osuustilin tai osakesÀÀstötilin avaamista ja niiden ominaisuuksia ja eroja olisi voinut kÀydÀ kurssilla lÀpi, jotta sijoittamisen aloittaminen olisi konkreettisempaa. Nykyinen opetussuunnitelma koettiin hyvÀksi kyselyn tulosten mukaan. Finanssi- ja talousasiantuntijan koulutusohjelman opiskelijoilla ensimmÀinen sijoittamisen kurssi on suunniteltu ensimmÀisen vuoden kolmanteen periodiin, eli ensimmÀisen vuoden tammikuuhun. TÀmÀ koettiin hyödylliseksi, koska sijoittamisesta sai tietÀÀ ja oppia jo varhaisessa vaiheessa opintojaan. Yli puolet kyselyyn vastanneista oli aloittanut sijoittamisen opiskelujen aikana ja ensimmÀinen sijoittamisen kurssi, Sijoittamisen perusteet -kurssi, oli vaikuttanut pÀÀtökseen aloittaa sijoittaminen. Uuden opetussuunnitelman ja opintopolkujen myötÀ koulutusohjelmat Haaga-Heliassa lakkautetaan, mikÀ voi vaikuttaa negatiivisesti opiskelijoiden sijoittamisen aloittamiseen. Jatkossa opiskelijalla on vastuu valita omat opintonsa, jolloin sijoittamisen aloittaminen voi viivÀstyÀ. Opinto-ohjaajien rooli opiskelijan opintojen valinnassa tulee olemaan tÀrkeÀmpi ja suurempi, koska kurssitarjonta on edelleen laaja, mutta opintopolkua ei olekaan mÀÀritelty kovin suuressa mÀÀrin valmiiksi opiskelijalle. Vanhassa opetussuunnitelmassa opintojen ohjausta ei ole tarvinnut paljoa, koska opetussuunnitelma oli valmiiksi suunniteltu miltei koko opiskeluajalle
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